Otorhinolaryngology is a surgical subspecialty in medicine that contracts with conditions of the ear, nose, and throat and connected structures of the neck and head. Oto means ears, rhino denotes nose, and larynx direct as throat, denoting the larynx includes surgical intervention for operations and illnesses in the head and neck regions. The operations to the ears, nose, and throat, in the head and neck region is to treat atypical defects. To correct hearing impairment defects such procedures contain stapedotomy, technique which removes all or part of a bone in the middle ear. Tympanoplasty is rebuilding of the ear drum. Cochlear implants defined as establishment of a device to motivate nerve ends within the inner portion of the ear to permit hearing.

Ophthalmic surgery, well-known as ocular surgery, which is surgery performed on the eye. Laser eye surgery or laser corneal surgery is the process accomplished by spending of laser on surface of the eye. This procedure is implemented to treat the conditions like myopia, hyper metopic and astigmatism. Glaucoma means increased pressure in eye or nerves system present in the eye which leads to loss of eyesight and this is well recognized as increased intro-ocular pressure. Ophthalmologist is a specialist in treating all eye problems. An ophthalmologist makes surgeries on eyes, and numerous complaints can be identified by ophthalmologists. Canaloplasty is a method performed by non-penetrating procedure to improve drainage from the eyes. Anterior vasectomy is the removal of the front part of the eye to reduction of intra ocular pressure which can be used for treating vitreous loss during or corneal cataract surgery.

Oral and Maxillofacial surgery treating numerous syndromes, diseases and defects in the face, jaws, head, neck and the hard and soft tissues of the facial and oral region. Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a major surgical speciality. Central Treatments performed on the craniomaxillofacial regions such as mouth, jaws, face, neck, skull, and include, Dental surgery. Surgery to insert Osseo integrated implants to cure dental problems and implants to treat maxillofacial region, also to treat head and neck region cosmetic surgery is the satisfactory option. Various surgeries performed on the craniomaxillofacial area: mouth, jaws, face, neck, skull, and include-dental surgery, surgery of the neck and head, surgery for repairing or Corrective jaw, surgical for sleep complaints, maxillomandibular treatment, and genioplasty.

Endocrine surgery is a specialised field of surgery that focuses on the treating of problems of the thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, as well as endocrine carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreas. Endocrine surgery can be performed on endocrine glands to treat a hormonal or anti-hormonal effect in the human body. This involves surgery to eliminate carcinomas which has developed within or on endocrine gland. The method of operation through endoscopic technique is denoted as endonasal surgery. The endocrine operation typically involves the, parathyroid glands thyroid gland, and adrenal glands. The most common endocrine surgeries will include elimination of the thyroid, and then after followed by parathyroid gland removal.

Cardiothoracic surgery is the arena of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the chest generally dealing of conditions of the heart and lungs. Cardiac surgery and thoracic surgery are separate operating specialties. Cardiovascular surgery is operation on the heart done by cardiac specialists. Normally, it is done to treat complications of ischemic disease, correct congenital heart disease, or treat valvular heart disease from various causes including, rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerosis and endocarditis. Heart transplantation also comes under this category. Cardiothoracic surgery is the operating procedure to treat of organs inside the thoracic cavity. Cardiac operation and thoracic operation are separate surgical specialties. Bi-pass heart surgery is an operating procedure in which heart is opened and operation is performed on the internal constructions of the heart. In minimally invasive surgery machine is used to perform the operation.

Transplantation surgery is a surgical system in a human in which a body tissue or organ is exchanged from a giver to a beneficiary or starting with one a part in the body then onto the next. Organs that can be transplanted are the kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, pancreas, digestive tract, and thymus. Sorts of transplantation surgery include: Xenograft and xenotransplantation. Organ givers might live, mind dead, or dead through circulatory demise. Tissue might be recuperated from givers who pass on of circulatory demise, and of mind passing up to 24 hours past the end of pulse. Not at all like organs, most tissues can be protected and saved up to five years, which means they can be "banked". Transplantation raises various bioethical issues, including the meaning of death, how to and when the transplantation should be done.

Gynaecological surgery may generally be done for cosmetic or elective purposes. Generally, gyn operational and surgeries Include: Endometrial Biopsy and Uterine. Women who have pelvic floor conditions are diagnosed by the team of Urogynecologists. Noncancerous gynaecologic complaints like heavy menstrual periods are identified by Gynaecologists skilled in minimally invasive gynaecologic operations. Gynaecologic oncologist analysis and conduct of women's cancers, like uterine, cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. Obstetrics is the division of medicine that mostly emphases on women complaints during pregnancy, childbirth. Gynaecology is a comprehensive field that concentrating on the general health care of women.

Urology surgery is also known as genitourinary surgery; it is the division of medicine that emphases on surgical and illnesses of the male and female urinary tract organs and the male reproductive system. The organs under the division of urology are kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs. Endourology is procedure using small cameras and machines inserted into the urinary tract. Transurethral operation has been the keystone of Endourology. Paediatric urology deals with the urologic disorders in children. Such diseases mainly are cryptorchidism, congenital irregularities of the genitourinary tract, enuresis, immature genitalia, and vesicoureteral reflux. Reconstructive surgery is an extremely specific arena of urology that reinstates both construction and function. Feminine Urology is a division of urology dealing with overactive bladder, pelvic organ prolapses, and urinary incontinence.

Perioperative usually denotes to the three stages of surgery: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. The aim of perioperative care is to deliver better conditions for patients before surgery, all through operation, and afterwards. Perioperative care is the caution that will be provided before, throughout and after operation. It is usually provided in hospitals, in operation centres attached to hospitals, in self-supporting operation centres or health care providers' offices. In this period patients will be mentally and physically prepared for the on-going surgery. For emergency operations, this time can be less and even unaware to the patient; for optional surgeries, perioperative care can be rather long. Information found during preoperative valuation is used as a foundation for the care strategy for the patient.

Acute Care Surgery is a developing specialty with three vital components- trauma, critical care and emergency surgery. Subsequent survey of the operating critical care program directors and of the major trauma organizations it was clears that trauma and critical care doctors were progressively responsible for emergency surgical care. This cumulative accountability was a result of increasing necessity for trauma and emergency surgical attention in both academic and public hospitals. Educational gap was identified in emerged trauma and acute care surgery. Professionals in Trauma and Acute Care Surgery have established educational goals and fortified a more formal prospectus for training programs to meet this educational gap. The surgery team delivers multidisciplinary patient care, education and training and advanced investigation in trauma, burn, emergency surgery and critical care.

Neurosurgery is the medicinal field dealing with the deterrence, analysis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affects the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system. Neuro anaesthesia is major division established in endovascular surgery. Divisions of neurosurgery are: vascular neurosurgery and Endovascular neurosurgery. Certain of these divisions of neurosurgery are stereotactic neurosurgery, epilepsy surgery, endovascular neurosurgery, vascular neurosurgery and, functional neurosurgery; after included some more neurosurgeries they are: partial or total corpus colostomy. Hemispherectomy is the removal of part of the brain.

Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty concerning with the renovation, rebuilding, or modification of the human body. Main surgery divisions include cosmetic or aesthetic surgery, reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, craniofacial surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. Plastic surgery is a medicinal process to change or reinstate the form of the body. Reconstructive plastic surgery will be performed to correct the functional impairments because of injuries, injuries and facial bone breaks or congenital construction, such as cleft palate, infectious diseases. To improve the physical appearance usually plastic surgery will be done. Cosmetic surgery is an elective procedure that is for refining. Craniofacial surgery is separated into adult craniofacial surgery and paediatric surgery

Orthopaedic surgery is the study of surgery concerned with situations involving the musculoskeletal system. To treat musculoskeletal trauma orthopaedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means, tumours, spine diseases, degenerative diseases, sports injuries, congenital disorders and infections. Orthopaedic Surgery focuses on mainly orthopaedic subspecialties: reconstruction for adults and joint replacement, spine surgery, sports medicine, surgery of the wrist and hand, surgery of the elbow and shoulder, surgery of the ankle and foot, tumour surgery, trauma Surgery, paediatric, and rehabilitation, physical medicine.

Innovation and medicinal services keep on being profoundly entwined, with new techniques enhancing consideration and patient results on a yearly premise. The principle territories of research in the surgery and surgical innovation topic are-Surgical innovation: growing new innovation and new ways to deal with enhance clinical results. Wellbeing and quality: driving examination into the evaluation and conveyance of brilliant human services, to enhance results and abatement the recurrence of adverse effects. Surgical instruction: conveying preparing for clinicians and scholastics to drive changes in surgical practice. Surgical innovation group has solid associations with government associations, medicinal services suppliers, industry and instructive organizations to encourage the interpretation of their examination into functional applications and new imaginative innovation. A standout amongst the most encouraging advances in surgical innovation is the presentation of mechanical helped surgery, which permits techniques to happen that would some way or another be disallowed by the bounds of the working environment.

Around the globe, the combined term "physician and surgeon" is used to describe either a general practitioner or any medical practitioner regardless of specialty. This practice still shows the original denotation of physician and reserves the ancient alteration between a physician, as a practitioner of physic, and a surgeon. In current English, the term physician is used in two key ways, with relatively broad and narrow meanings respectively. In the USA and Canada, the word physician describes all medical practitioners holding a professional medical degree. Physicians and surgeons diagnose illnesses and prescribe and administer treatment for people suffering from injury or disease. Physicians examine patients, obtain medical histories, and order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests. They counsel patients on diet, hygiene, and preventive healthcare.

Occasionally termed a Surgical or an Operating Room Nurse, Perioperative Nurses care for patient’s earlier, throughout and later surgery. They work together with surgical teams to make sure that patients are getting the greatest conceivable care, and serve as associations between the surgical team and the patients' families.